A double sided axe goes by several names, each reflecting different cultural contexts, historical periods, and specific uses. These powerful tools have played significant roles throughout human history—from ancient religious ceremonies to modern forestry. This comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about double-bladed axes, their various names, fascinating history, and practical applications.
Different Names for Double Sided Axes
Double sided axes are known by several terms depending on the historical period, geographical location, and specific design features. Here are the primary names you might encounter:
Double Bit Axe
In North America, the term “double bit axe” became the standard name for axes with two cutting edges on opposite sides of the head. This name gained popularity during the 19th century logging boom, particularly in the United States and Canada, where it became an iconic tool of professional lumberjacks.
The term “bit” in this context refers to the cutting edge of the axe—thus, a double bit axe has two cutting edges instead of one. This name emphasizes the functional aspect of having two separate working edges on a single tool.
Double-Bladed Axe
“Double-bladed axe” is perhaps the most straightforward descriptive term, directly referring to the axe’s two cutting blades. This general term is widely understood in most English-speaking regions and is frequently used in modern contexts, especially in recreational axe throwing or general discussions about tool types.
Labrys
One of the oldest and most historically significant names for a double sided axe is “labrys” (λάβρυς). According to Plutarch, this was a Lydian word adopted by the ancient Greeks to describe the double-bitted ceremonial axe that featured prominently in Minoan and other Mediterranean cultures.
The labrys is particularly notable for its religious and ceremonial significance in ancient Crete, where it appears to have been associated with goddess worship. The term later influenced the Greek word “labyrinth,” which some scholars suggest originally meant “house of the double axe.”
Pelekys
In ancient Greek, a double-headed axe was called “πέλεκυς” (pelekys). This term appears in classical Greek texts and refers to both ceremonial double axes and practical tools. The pelekys is mentioned in various Greek myths and historical accounts, highlighting its cultural importance beyond just its practical uses.
Sagaris
Another ancient term, “sagaris,” was used in some classical texts to refer to a particular type of double-headed axe. This weapon-tool was associated with various peoples of the ancient Near East and was known to the Greeks through their interactions with Persian and Scythian cultures.
Double-Headed Battle Axe
In medieval and fantasy contexts, the term “double-headed battle axe” is often used to describe martial weapons with two axe blades. These were historically used in various cultures as weapons of war, though their practical military use was sometimes limited by their weight and balance compared to single-bladed axes.
The History and Evolution of Double Sided Axes
The double sided axe has a rich history spanning thousands of years and multiple civilizations. Its evolution reflects changing technological capabilities, cultural needs, and symbolic meanings.
Ancient Origins
Archaeological evidence suggests that double-bladed axes existed as early as the Neolithic period (around 10,000 BCE). Early examples were often ceremonial objects made of stone, clay, or other materials before metalworking became widespread.
The most famous early double axes come from the Minoan civilization of ancient Crete (approximately 3000-1100 BCE). The labrys was a prominent symbol in Minoan art and religion, appearing in palace decorations, religious artifacts, and ceremonial contexts. Archaeologists have discovered numerous representations of the labrys in Minoan sites, particularly at the palace of Knossos.
Cultural Significance in Ancient Societies
In Minoan Crete, the labrys appears to have been associated with female divinity and religious authority. Unlike in later cultures where axes were primarily masculine symbols, in Crete, the double axe often appears in the hands of priestesses or associated with goddess worship.
The labrys also held significance in other ancient cultures:
- In ancient Greece, it was associated with Zeus Labraundeos in Caria
- In Thracian culture, it was connected to royal power and religious practices
- In ancient Near Eastern societies, similar double-headed axes appeared in various religious and royal contexts
The Modern Double Bit Axe in Forestry
The modern form of the double bit axe as we know it today emerged in North America during the mid-19th century. This design development coincided with the expansion of the commercial logging industry in the United States and Canada.
From approximately the 1850s until the widespread adoption of chainsaws in the mid-20th century, the double bit axe became the iconic tool of professional lumberjacks. Its design was optimized for the practical needs of forestry workers who spent long days felling and processing timber.
One key innovation of the American forestry double bit axe was its highly functional design that allowed for different edges to be used for different purposes. Typically, one edge would be ground more finely for precision felling cuts, while the other would be slightly blunter for rougher work like limbing or cutting near the ground where the edge might encounter dirt or stones.
Symbolic Meanings Through History
Throughout its long history, the double sided axe has accumulated various symbolic meanings:
- Life and Death: In many ancient cultures, the double axe represented the cyclical nature of existence—both creating and destroying, like the waxing and waning of the moon
- Divine Power: In several ancient religious systems, the double axe symbolized divine authority or supernatural power
- Female Empowerment: In some contexts, particularly Minoan Crete and later feminist movements, the labrys has been associated with female power and autonomy
- Professional Identity: During the American logging era, the double bit axe became a symbol of the lumberjack profession and forestry culture
Types and Designs of Double Sided Axes
Double sided axes come in various designs, each optimized for specific uses and working environments. Understanding these variations can help you identify different historical and contemporary types.
Traditional Forestry Double Bit Axe
The classic North American double bit axe typically features:
- A symmetrical head with two identical or slightly different cutting edges
- Weight ranging from 3-5 pounds (1.4-2.3 kg)
- A straight handle 32-36 inches (81-91 cm) long
- A narrow, elongated eye where the handle passes through the head
- Often forged from high-carbon steel
This design was optimized for professional forestry work, balancing cutting efficiency with durability and ease of use during long workdays.
Ceremonial and Religious Designs
Historically, ceremonial double axes often featured:
- More elaborate decorative elements than working axes
- Precious materials like gold, silver, or bronze
- Symbolic engravings or patterns
- Wider, more symmetrical blades than working axes
- Sometimes miniaturized as votive objects
Examples include the ornate Minoan labrys found at archaeological sites like Knossos, which often had wide, curved cutting edges and decorative features.
Battle Axe Variants
Double-headed battle axes throughout history have shown particular characteristics:
- Generally heavier than utility axes
- Often featuring spikes, points, or other martial elements
- Sometimes incorporating armor-piercing features
- Handles designed for combat applications rather than wood cutting
- Balance optimized for striking power rather than control
These weapons appeared in various cultures, from ancient Mesopotamia to medieval Europe and beyond, though historical evidence suggests single-bladed axes were generally more common in actual combat.
Modern Double Bit Variants
Contemporary versions include:
- Throwing Axes: Smaller, lighter double bit axes designed specifically for axe-throwing competitions or recreational target throwing
- Cruiser Axes: Medium-sized double bit axes (around 2-3 pounds) with shorter handles (24-28 inches) designed for more portable use
- Decorative Axes: Ornamental pieces inspired by historical or fantasy designs, often with minimal practical utility
- Hybrid Tools: Modern multi-tools that incorporate double-bladed designs along with other features
Double Bit Axe Dimensions and Specifications
The following table provides typical specifications for different categories of double sided axes:
| Type | Head Weight | Handle Length | Total Weight | Typical Materials | Primary Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Forestry Axe | 3-5 lbs (1.4-2.3 kg) | 32-36 inches (81-91 cm) | 5-7 lbs (2.3-3.2 kg) | High-carbon steel head, hickory handle | Professional logging |
| Cruiser Double Bit | 2-3 lbs (0.9-1.4 kg) | 24-28 inches (61-71 cm) | 3-4.5 lbs (1.4-2 kg) | Carbon steel head, hickory or ash handle | Portable forestry work |
| Throwing Double Bit | 1.5-2.5 lbs (0.7-1.1 kg) | 14-20 inches (35-51 cm) | 2-3.5 lbs (0.9-1.6 kg) | Various steels, synthetic or wood handles | Competitive throwing |
| Ceremonial/Decorative | Varies widely | Varies widely | Varies widely | Bronze, steel, sometimes precious metals | Display, ceremonial use |
| Tactical Double Bit | 1-2.5 lbs (0.45-1.1 kg) | 12-24 inches (30-61 cm) | 1.5-3 lbs (0.7-1.4 kg) | Modern alloys, synthetic handles | Outdoor/survival use |
Uses and Applications of Double Sided Axes
The double sided axe has served various purposes throughout history, from practical work to symbolic ceremonies and modern recreational activities.
Historical Forestry Uses
In North American logging operations from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries, the double bit axe was prized for several practical advantages:
- Dual-purpose edges: Loggers would typically maintain different edge profiles on each bit:
- One edge would be honed to a fine, sharp angle for precision felling cuts
- The other edge would be ground slightly blunter for rougher work like limbing or working near the ground
- Extended work time: When one edge became dull from use, the worker could simply flip the axe and continue working with the second edge without stopping to resharpen.
- Balanced design: The symmetrical head provided excellent balance during the swing, making precise cuts easier and reducing worker fatigue during long days of chopping.
- Versatility: A single tool could handle multiple forestry tasks when properly maintained.
Ceremonial and Religious Applications
Throughout history, double sided axes have held important ceremonial roles:
- In Minoan culture, the labrys appears to have been used in religious ceremonies, possibly including bull sacrifices
- Double axes appear as symbols of authority in various ancient Near Eastern contexts
- In some Greek religious practices, the double axe had associations with specific deities and rituals
- Modern neo-pagan and feminist movements have sometimes adopted the labrys as a spiritual symbol
Combat and Warfare
While single-bladed axes were more common in warfare, double-headed battle axes did see use in various historical contexts:
- Ancient Near Eastern armies sometimes employed double-headed axes as weapons
- In medieval Europe, certain specialized troops used large two-handed battle axes, some with double heads
- Various fantasy and fictional depictions have greatly exaggerated the historical prevalence of double-headed battle axes
Modern Recreational Uses
Today, double bit axes are used in several recreational contexts:
- Axe throwing competitions: Double bit axes are popular for target throwing in both traditional and modern axe-throwing sports
- Historical reenactment: Enthusiasts of historical crafts and living history often use traditional double bit axes
- Bushcraft and survival skills: Some outdoor enthusiasts prefer double bit axes for their versatility in wilderness settings
- Collectors and display: Many people collect historical or reproduction double bit axes for their aesthetic and historical value
Comparison of Single Bit vs. Double Bit Axes
The following table compares the key characteristics of single bit and double bit axes:
| Feature | Single Bit Axe | Double Bit Axe |
|---|---|---|
| Cutting Edges | One | Two |
| Balance | Weight concentrated toward the poll (back) | Evenly balanced |
| Versatility | Poll can be used for hammering | Both sides are cutting edges |
| Safety | Only one sharp edge to manage | Two sharp edges require more careful handling |
| Historical Use | More common globally | Specialized use in certain cultures and North American forestry |
| Weight (typical) | 3-6 lbs head | 3-5 lbs head |
| Modern Prevalence | More common for general use | More specialized/niche applications |
| Learning Curve | Generally easier for beginners | Requires more care and skill |
Anatomy of a Double Sided Axe
Understanding the terminology and construction of a double sided axe helps appreciate its design and function.
Key Parts and Terminology
- Bit: The cutting edge of the axe (a double bit axe has two bits)
- Eye: The hole in the center of the axe head where the handle is inserted
- Cheek: The side surface of the axe head between the eye and the bit
- Beard: The lower edge of the bit that extends below the line of the handle
- Toe: The top corner of the bit
- Heel: The bottom corner of the bit
- Handle/Haft: The wooden or composite shaft that serves as the axe’s handle
- Shoulder: Where the axe head widens from the eye toward the bit
- Wedge: A small piece inserted into the top of the handle to secure the head
- Grind: The angle and shape of the cutting edge
Materials and Construction
Traditional double bit axes were typically constructed with:
- Head: High-carbon steel, often differentially hardened with harder edges and a somewhat softer body to prevent brittleness
- Handle: Straight-grained hardwood, typically hickory or ash, selected for strength and shock absorption
- Fastening: Wooden or metal wedges driven into the top of the handle to expand it in the eye and secure the head
Modern versions might incorporate:
- Advanced alloy steels for the head
- Synthetic materials for handles
- Composite construction techniques
- Various coatings for rust prevention and reduced friction
Regional Variations in Design
Different regions developed distinct styles of double bit axes:
- American Pattern: The classic North American forestry axe with elongated, somewhat narrow blades
- European Double Axes: Often featuring more rounded or bearded bits than American patterns
- Ancient Mediterranean: Wide, curved blades as seen in Minoan artifacts
- Nordic Designs: Distinctive regional patterns found in Scandinavian examples
Cultural Impact and Symbolism
The double sided axe has made a significant impact on human culture, appearing in mythology, art, and modern symbolism.
Mythology and Folklore
Double axes appear in various mythological contexts:
- In Greek mythology, the labrys is associated with the Minoan labyrinth and later with deities like Zeus
- Various storm gods in Near Eastern pantheons are depicted wielding double axes
- In Norse mythology, battle axes (though usually single-bladed) were associated with warrior culture
- The double axe sometimes appears in creation myths as a tool that separates earth from sky
In Modern Popular Culture
The double sided axe has become a potent visual symbol in contemporary media:
- Fantasy literature and games often feature double-headed battle axes, especially for dwarf characters
- The image of the lumberjack with a double bit axe remains an iconic American cultural symbol
- In video games, double axes often appear as powerful weapons for warrior characters
- The labrys has been adopted as a symbol in some feminist and LGBTQ+ contexts
The Double Bit Axe in Logos and Emblems
The distinctive silhouette of the double sided axe has been incorporated into various organizational emblems:
- Forestry service insignia in several countries
- Logging company logos
- Outdoor recreation brands
- Some military unit patches and insignia
Collecting and Preserving Historical Double Bit Axes
For those interested in the history and craftsmanship of these tools, collecting and restoring double bit axes can be a rewarding pursuit.
Identifying Vintage Axes
When examining a potential historical specimen, look for:
- Maker’s marks or stamps (many American manufacturers like Kelly, Plumb, or Collins had distinctive markings)
- Pattern characteristics specific to certain manufacturers
- Signs of authentic age vs. artificially aged reproductions
- Regional style variations that may indicate origin
- Original handles (though these are rare on very old specimens)
Restoration Techniques
When restoring a historical double bit axe:
- Document the original condition before making any changes
- Clean gently, avoiding aggressive methods that might damage patina or markings
- Remove rust using appropriate methods (vinegar soaks, gentle abrasives, or electrolysis for severe cases)
- Restore the edge only if the axe will be used, otherwise preserve the historical condition
- Replace handles when necessary, using historically appropriate materials and techniques
- Apply appropriate protective finishes to prevent future deterioration
Display and Storage
For proper preservation:
- Store in a climate-controlled environment when possible
- Apply light oil or wax to prevent rust
- Display away from direct sunlight to prevent handle deterioration
- Consider custom stands or mounts that don’t stress the handle or head
- Include interpretive information about the specific axe’s history and use
Modern Manufacturers and Buying Guide
For those interested in acquiring a double bit axe, understanding today’s market options is important.
Notable Current Manufacturers
Several companies still produce quality double bit axes:
- Gränsfors Bruk (Sweden): High-quality hand-forged double bit axes with traditional craftsmanship
- Council Tool (USA): American-made traditional patterns for forestry and competition
- Snow & Nealley (USA): Revived American brand producing traditional patterns
- Hults Bruk (Sweden): Long-established Swedish forge making traditional and competition axes
- Barco/Ochsenkopf (Germany): European manufacturer with distinctive patterns
What to Look for When Purchasing
Consider these factors when selecting a double bit axe:
- Intended use: Forestry work, competition throwing, collection, or display
- Head weight: 2-3 lbs for lighter work, 3-5 lbs for heavier cutting
- Handle length: Longer for felling (32″+), shorter for portability or throwing
- Steel quality: High-carbon steel with proper heat treatment for durability
- Handle material: Straight-grained hardwood for traditional axes, synthetic options for modern designs
- Head profile: Different blade geometries suit different cutting tasks
- Price range: Quality handmade axes command premium prices ($150-400+), while mass-produced versions are more affordable ($50-150)
Custom and Artisan Options
For those seeking something unique:
- Numerous blacksmiths and axe makers offer custom double bit axes
- Historical reproductions can be commissioned from specialists
- Artistic or ceremonial pieces are available from craftspeople focusing on decorative metalwork
- Handle customization services are offered by some woodworkers
Safety and Proper Use
Double bit axes require special attention to safety due to their dual cutting edges.
Safety Considerations
When using a double bit axe:
- Always be aware of both edges, not just the one you’re currently using
- Use appropriate sheaths that cover both cutting edges when not in use
- Maintain a clear work area with no obstacles or bystanders within range
- Pay special attention during transport—double bit axes create hazards in multiple directions
- Consider the increased weight of some double bit heads and manage fatigue accordingly
Proper Handling Techniques
For effective and safe use:
- Grip properly: Place the dominant hand near the end of the handle, non-dominant hand closer to the head
- Stance: Position feet shoulder-width apart with good balance
- Swing mechanics: Use the body’s rotation rather than just arm strength
- Edge awareness: Develop the habit of always knowing which edge is facing which direction
- Follow through: Complete each swing fully without trying to stop the axe mid-motion
Maintenance Best Practices
To keep a double bit axe in good working condition:
- Sharpen regularly using appropriate files and stones
- Maintain different edge profiles as needed for different tasks
- Clean and oil the head after use, especially in humid conditions
- Check the handle regularly for cracks or looseness
- Store properly in a dry location with edges protected
Frequently Asked Questions About Double Sided Axes
What is the difference between a labrys and a double bit axe?
The term “labrys” specifically refers to the historical double-bladed axe associated with Minoan civilization and other ancient Mediterranean cultures. It was primarily a ceremonial and religious tool with wide, curved blades. In contrast, a “double bit axe” generally refers to the more modern forestry tool that emerged in 19th century North America with narrower, more functional blades designed for practical woodcutting. While both are double-sided axes, they represent different historical periods and purposes.
Why did lumberjacks use double bit axes instead of single bit axes?
Lumberjacks often preferred double bit axes for several practical reasons. The symmetrical design provided better balance during swinging, reducing fatigue during long workdays. Additionally, having two edges allowed workers to maintain different grinds—one sharper for precision cutting and one more durable for rougher work. When one edge became dull, they could simply flip the axe and continue working with the second edge without stopping to sharpen, significantly increasing productivity in remote logging camps where time was valuable.
Are double bit axes good for splitting firewood?
Double bit axes are not ideal for splitting firewood compared to dedicated splitting mauls or splitting axes. Their thinner blade profiles are designed for cutting across wood grain (chopping) rather than separating it along the grain (splitting). However, in a pinch, a double bit axe with one edge ground to a somewhat blunter angle can perform basic splitting tasks. For regular firewood processing, a tool specifically designed for splitting—with a wider, heavier head and more wedge-shaped profile—would be more efficient.
What is the cultural significance of the double-headed axe in ancient Crete?
In ancient Minoan Crete (approximately 3000-1100 BCE), the double-headed axe or labrys held profound religious importance. Archaeological evidence suggests it was associated with female divinity and possibly used in religious ceremonies, including bull sacrifices. Unlike many later cultures where axes symbolized masculine power, in Minoan contexts, the labrys appears frequently in the hands of priestesses. The symbol was so central to Minoan culture that some scholars believe the word “labyrinth” originally meant “house of the double axe,” connecting the famous Cretan maze to this sacred symbol.
How should I properly maintain a double bit axe?
Proper maintenance of a double bit axe includes regular care of both the head and handle. After each use, clean the head of any sap or debris, and apply a light coat of oil to prevent rust. Sharpen both edges as needed, maintaining appropriate angles for their intended uses—typically 25-30 degrees for chopping edges. Regularly check the handle for cracks or looseness, and apply boiled linseed oil occasionally to prevent drying and splitting. When storing, use a sheath that covers both cutting edges, and keep the axe in a dry environment away from extreme temperature fluctuations.
Conclusion
The double sided axe—whether called a double bit axe, labrys, or pelekys—represents one of humanity’s most enduring and versatile tool designs. From its ancient ceremonial origins to its practical use in North American forestry and its continued presence in modern recreation, this distinctive tool has earned its place in both history and contemporary culture.
Understanding the various terms, designs, and applications of double sided axes helps us appreciate the ingenuity of our ancestors and the evolution of human tool-making. Whether you’re a historical enthusiast, forestry professional, or someone simply curious about traditional tools, the double sided axe offers a fascinating window into the ways humans have shaped and been shaped by their implements.
As with many traditional tools, the double sided axe continues to find new purposes and meaning in our modern world, proving that good design—even from thousands of years ago—remains relevant and inspiring today.
